理論上,若是以手術完全移除腫瘤細胞,癌症是可以被治癒的。但並非總是如此簡單,外科手術通常無法切除已經轉移到其他部位的癌細胞。使用外科手術治療癌症的例子包括以乳房切除术治療乳癌或是進行前列腺切除術(英语:prostatectomy)治療前列腺癌。手術的目的在於移除腫瘤細胞或是整個器官,雖然將主要的腫瘤經外科手術切除,但仍有些潛伏在腫瘤所生長的器官週遭的單一腫瘤細胞是無法被察覺的。隨著時間過去,又會重新生長成一個新的腫瘤,稱為癌症復發。為此,手術切除下的腫瘤需要經病理學家的檢視,以確定切下的腫瘤週遭都是正常組織,減少腫瘤切除不完全的機會。
癌症是多种因素长期共同作用引发的基因异常疾病。当机体受到环境中的化学、物理、病毒等致癌物质的影响,和/或因自身遗传、内分泌、性别、年龄等因素的作用时,可发生一系列基因异常改变,形成恶性肿瘤。
Cancers comprise a big loved ones of ailments that contain abnormal cell expansion While using the likely to invade or unfold to other aspects of the human body.
Some systemic indicators of cancer are a result of hormones or other molecules produced by the tumor, known as paraneoplastic syndromes.
[188] The efficiency of chemotherapy is often minimal by its toxicity to other tissues in your body. Even when chemotherapy doesn't provide a long lasting cure, it could be beneficial to reduce indications for instance agony or to lessen the measurement of an inoperable tumor during the hope that surgical procedure will become achievable Later on.[citation needed]
Observer l’agitation des échoppes et des temples cachés dans les ruelles animées de Chinatown. Admirer le Bouddha couché du Wat Pho avant de grimper au sommet de la Tour Baiyoke 癌症 II, pour un panorama vertigineux sur la ville.
DNA fix inhibition is proposed to be a predominant mechanism in heavy metallic-induced carcinogenicity. Furthermore, Regular epigenetic alterations in the DNA sequences code for compact RNAs referred to as microRNAs (or miRNAs). miRNAs do not code for proteins, but can "goal" protein-coding genes and minimize their expression.
癌症篩檢的爭議在於檢驗是否的確能夠延長生命,由於癌症的治療方法多半具有侵入性及對身體造成很大負擔,因為早期發現而進行治療反而不一定比完全不治療好。例如,在進行前列腺癌篩檢時,攝護腺抗原血液檢驗可偵測到極微小的腫瘤,但是或許終其一生,這樣的腫瘤並不會成為危及生命的問題。只是一旦經篩檢發現,一般都會進行進一步的檢驗及診療。因此就有可能發生過度診斷(英语:overdiagnosis)的問題,而將病患放入不必要的併發症的風險中,如手術或放射治療的副作用與感染。用於確定診斷前列腺癌所做的前列腺組織切片可能引起的副作用,包括出血和感染。前列腺癌的治療則可能導致尿失禁、勃起功能障礙。同樣地,對於乳癌的篩檢上,近來也有批評認為在一些國家所進行的乳房篩檢計畫所引起問題遠超過所解決的。因為在一般婦女身上做篩檢,產生許多因為陽性或假陽性結果而需要做更精確檢驗的婦女,造成醫療資源的大量浪費,也帶給假陽性者的沉重心理負擔。而這樣大規模的檢驗,最後往往只是找出幾個早期乳癌患者,所耗費的社會成本是值得討論的。
癌症治療會有許多後遺症,過程十分不易,因此治療後的照顧相當重要,包括疼痛控制、改善食慾、心理調適等,需要不同醫療團隊的合作,提高癌症病人的生活品質。(延伸閱讀:不是放棄治療!剖析緩和與安寧照護的真相)
腫瘤較小且尚未擴散/轉移(癌細胞可被定位、手術移除,不需借助循環全身的化學藥物治療)
筛查旨在确认尚未出现症状但已具有暗示特定癌症或癌症前期迹象的个体。如在筛查中发现异常,则应进行进一步检测以作出明确诊断,如果证明存在癌症,还应转诊进行治疗。
In America and Another cultures, most cancers is thought to be a disorder that needs to be "fought" to finish the "civil insurrection"; a War on Cancer was declared during the US. Military metaphors are significantly common in descriptions of most cancers's human effects, they usually emphasize both the state of the affected person's well being and the necessity to just take speedy, decisive actions himself as opposed to to delay, to ignore or to rely solely on Some others. The military services metaphors also aid rationalize radical, damaging therapies.[242][243]
烟草使用、酒精消费、不健康饮食、缺乏身体活动和空气污染是癌症(以及其他非传染性疾病)的危险因素。
If a major mistake happens, the harmed cell can self-destruct through programmed mobile death, termed apoptosis. If the mistake Management processes fall short, then the mutations will endure and become handed alongside to daughter cells.